The local government subsidized the project housing for the poor of the city.
All the difficulties of words meaning make for problems of draftsmanship as well as of interpretation. The legal draftsman attempts to cover every situation that might arise in the operation of his statute but may fail to foreshadow some interpretations which may be placed upon the words he has chosen. Likewise he may fail to foreshadow some situation which arises under the statute and when it does arise there is again a question of interpretation of the words he has used to determine whether they can be stretched to cover the unforeseen situation. Rules of interpretation have been worked out to assist judges and lawyers in this process. One difficulty peculiar to legal language is that neither draftsmanship nor judge or legislator can be consulted at a later point of time regarding the meanings of words used by them. It is meaning to be placed upon it even though that meaning might in fact be different to that which was in fact intended by the write.
Members of the opposite culture felt a need to point out to us how these actions ______ have the opposite effect of what we intended and desired.
We tried to settle the argument but ___ nothing.
I. JurisprudenceIt is practically impossible to imagine constitutional law without dissent. The very first opinion in the Charter era — the Patriation Reference — was marked by it. Dissent is powerful and evocative, even mythic; it suggests roads not taken and parallel universes. It evokes a fundamental and, sometimes, unsettling contingency about law. It can be problematic, disrupting easy understandings of how to a court “gets it right” and, thus, damaging to a court’s legitimacy.Yet, dissent has positive aspects, too. It can: better articulate norms and understandings underlying key decision-rules; provide a counter-narrative to prevailing orthodoxy; lay the foundation for future development of law; provide a necessary outlet for disagreement that otherwise might constrain and frustrate judicial actors; and even secure broader acceptance of a majority decision by showing that it is a product of deliberation.In this paper, I present another possible “upside” to dissent that focuses on the issue in Quebec (Attorney General) v. A: equality. First, I canvass two ways that dissent manifests in Charter jurisprudence: one (functional) relating to the judiciary’s appropriate role in constitutional disputes; and the other (principled) relating to the identification, scope or application of rules and norms. The two models are richly represented in equality jurisprudence. In the Supreme Court’s first Section 15 case, Andrews v. Law Society of British Columbia, the Court divided over the functional question of how closely the Court should scrutinize legislated difference. In subsequent cases, the Court has struggled to reach consensus on the meaning of equality itself — an issue of principle.The fact that equality jurisprudence has been characterized by chronic disagreement might appear unfortunate. But my review of section 15 case law suggests that, by providing the space to fully flesh out points of disagreement, dissent has contributed to richer accounts of equality. Borrowing the language of Cass Sunstein, I suggest that a divided equality decision that is the result of failure to reach agreement on “deep” issues is preferable to one that, as the price of unanimity, remains “shallow”. I conclude that the decision in Quebec (Attorney General) v. A is deep rather than shallow and so, despite its frustrating divisions, it is on the whole better than many of the unanimous equality decisions that preceded it.1.The author listed the following positive aspects of dissent BUT ___.2.From the third paragraph, one can know the following BUT ___.3.The author thinks that a divided equality decision is preferable because ___.4.What is the most suitable topic for these paragraphs?
1.一见这幅画，我就记起了我故乡的童年时代。2.在这短短的三十年中，我们国家发展得这么快，使人民高兴，世界瞩目。3.贵公司的工作条件和工作环境很好，我可以充分施展我的专业知识。4.政府颁布了一项新政策，规定所有博物馆以后不得对学生收费。5.代表团到该市考察后说，他们相信该市完全有能力成功举办世博会。