I. JurisprudenceIt is practically impossible to imagine constitutional law without dissent. The very first opinion in the Charter era — the Patriation Reference — was marked by it. Dissent is powerful and evocative, even mythic; it suggests roads not taken and parallel universes. It evokes a fundamental and, sometimes, unsettling contingency about law. It can be problematic, disrupting easy understandings of how to a court “gets it right” and, thus, damaging to a court’s legitimacy.Yet, dissent has positive aspects, too. It can: better articulate norms and understandings underlying key decision-rules; provide a counter-narrative to prevailing orthodoxy; lay the foundation for future development of law; provide a necessary outlet for disagreement that otherwise might constrain and frustrate judicial actors; and even secure broader acceptance of a majority decision by showing that it is a product of deliberation.In this paper, I present another possible “upside” to dissent that focuses on the issue in Quebec (Attorney General) v. A: equality. First, I canvass two ways that dissent manifests in Charter jurisprudence: one (functional) relating to the judiciary’s appropriate role in constitutional disputes; and the other (principled) relating to the identification, scope or application of rules and norms. The two models are richly represented in equality jurisprudence. In the Supreme Court’s first Section 15 case, Andrews v. Law Society of British Columbia, the Court divided over the functional question of how closely the Court should scrutinize legislated difference. In subsequent cases, the Court has struggled to reach consensus on the meaning of equality itself — an issue of principle.The fact that equality jurisprudence has been characterized by chronic disagreement might appear unfortunate. But my review of section 15 case law suggests that, by providing the space to fully flesh out points of disagreement, dissent has contributed to richer accounts of equality. Borrowing the language of Cass Sunstein, I suggest that a divided equality decision that is the result of failure to reach agreement on “deep” issues is preferable to one that, as the price of unanimity, remains “shallow”. I conclude that the decision in Quebec (Attorney General) v. A is deep rather than shallow and so, despite its frustrating divisions, it is on the whole better than many of the unanimous equality decisions that preceded it.1.The author listed the following positive aspects of dissent BUT ___.2.From the third paragraph, one can know the following BUT ___.3.The author thinks that a divided equality decision is preferable because ___.4.What is the most suitable topic for these paragraphs?
Members of the opposite culture felt a need to point out to us how these actions ______ have the opposite effect of what we intended and desired.
Early men were also greatly interested in the stars they saw twinkling in the sky at night. What they did not realize was that the stars were also present during the daytime, but their light was not visible because of the brilliance of the sun. How did they discover this?There is one event which does enable us to see the stars in the daytime. It is the total eclipse of the sun(日全食),when the moon passes in front of the sun and hides it from view. When this happens, the sky becomes dark enough for the stars to be seen. Total eclipses of this kind do not occur very often and are not likely to be seen from the same area more than once every fifty-four years. One can imagine what an awe-inspiring sight it must have been for an early man, who would remember the event for the rest of his life.So man watched the movements of the sun, the moon and the stars and wondered about them. It was practicing the oldest branch of science—astronomy.
A job description should give details of the performance ______ a specific job.
The differences between social reality and legal reality. (250 words)
In cities with rent control, the city government sets the maximum rent that a landlord can charge for an apartment. Supporters of rent control argue that it protects people who are living in apartments. Their rent cannot increase; therefore, they are not in danger of losing their homes. However, the critics say that after a long time, rent control may have negative effects. Landlords know that they cannot increase their profits. Therefore, they invest in other businesses where they can increase their profits. They do not invest in new buildings which would also be rent-controlled. As a result, new apartments are not built. Many people who need apartments cannot find any. According to the critics, the end result of rent control is a shortage of apartments in the city.Some theorists argue that the minimum wage law can cause problems in the same way. The federal government sets the minimum that an employer must pay workers. The minimum helps people who generally look for unskilled, low-paying jobs. However, if the minimum is high, employers may hire fewer workers. They will replace workers with machinery. The price, which is the wage that employers must pay, increases. Therefore, other things being equal, the number of workers that employers want decreases. Thus, critics claim, an increase in the minimum wage may cause unemployment. Some poor people may find themselves without jobs instead of with jobs at the minimum wage.Supporters of the minimum wage say that it helps people keep their dignity. Because of the law, workers cannot sell their services for less than the minimum. Furthermore, employers cannot force workers to accept jobs at unfair wages.Economic theory predicts the results of economic decisions such as decisions about farm production, rent control, and the minimum wage. The predictions may be correct only if “other things are equal”.Economists do not agree on some of the predictions. They also do not agree on the value of different decisions. Some economists support a particular decision while others criticize it. Economists do agree, however, that there are no simple answers to economic questions.1. There is the possibility that setting maximum rent may ______.
2. According to the critics, rent control ______.
3. The problem of unemployment will arise, ______.
4. The passage tells us ______.
5. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A.cause a shortage of apartments B.worry those who rent apartments as homes C.increase the profits of landlords D.encourage landlords to invest in building apartment问题2: A.will always benefit those who rent apartments B.is unnecessary C.will bring negative effects in the long run D.is necessary under all circumstances问题3: A.if the minimum wage is set too high B.if the minimum wage is set too low C.if the workers are unskilled D.if the maximum wage is set问题4: A.the relationship between supply and demand B.the possible results of government controls C.the necessity of government control D.the urgency of getting rid of government controls问题5: A.The results of economic decisions cannot always be predicted. B.Minimum wage cannot always protect employees. C.Economic theory can predict the results of economic decisions if other factors are not changing. D.Economic decisions should not be based on economic theory.