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The Arctic Ice is Thawing
Father Christmas may have to move his"workshop"from the North Pole because global warming is
thawing the ice beneath his feet and his reindeers'feet as well.His"workshop"is in dire straits.The"plat-
form"for the"workshop"is melting,said Stefan Norris of the World Wildlife Fund environmental group's
Arctic Program.
An eight-nation report by 250 scientists published recently predicted the Arctic Ocean could be ice-free
in summer by 2100 because of a build-up of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere,mainly from burning fossil
fuels in cars or factories.The North Pole is getting more and more uninhabitable to Father Christmas.
______(46)Young people learn that Father Christmas'"workshop"produces millions of gifts delivered
by him on a flying,reindeer-drawn sleigh.Hollywood movies like"The Polar Express"tried to make viewers
believe that Father Christmas lives at the North Pole._(47)
The"Fortress of Solitude"is near the North Pole that could be under threat in a warmer world. Alan Boldt,
spokesman of the Danish Ministry of Science,suggested ways to rescue Father Christmas._(48)
Another alternative,he argued,woald be building some electrical facilities to ensure the ice stays on the North
Pole for him."This should be a subject for the United Nations,"he said."Danmark could build windmills to pro-
vide Father Christmas with power."Denmark says Father Christmas'real home is Greenland,which will help,
Denmark thinks,to strengthen its position in claiming the sovereignty over the Pole.(49)
"Doesn't he already speak Danish?"Boldt said frostily when asked if Father Christmas would be forced
to learn Danish if Denmark won international recognition of its claim to the Pole.Last month's Arctic report
said the region is warming twice as fast as the rest of the globe,partly because dark ground or water,once un-
covered,soaks up more heat than ice or snow.Finland has been most favored by Father Christmas and it has
about 500,000 tourists a year to visit its Christmas center in Rovaniemi in Lapland._(50)
_____(49)
A:However,Nordic nations all reject it by claiming that their countries are his home.
B:Therefore the North Pole is the most attractive place in the world.
C:If Denmark's claim were accepted internationally,it would have the legal right to search for oil and gas at the North Pole.
D:One of them would be building a giant floating ice rink for the workshop if the Pole thaws.
E:Maybe Father Christmas has already moved to Rovaniemi.
F:He may have to move from the North Pole within our children's lifetimes.

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Avalanche and Its Safety
An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow,often mixed with air and water,down a mountainside .Avalanches are______(51)the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.
All avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material,typically snowpack,that is too massive and unstable for the slope______(52)supports it. Determining the critical load,the amount of over-burden which is______(53)to cause an avalanche，______（54)a complex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.
Terrain slopes flatter than 25 degrees or steeper than 60 degrees typically have a low ______(55)of avalanche .Snow does not______(56)significantly on steep slopes;also, snow does not______(57)easily on flat slopes.Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snow's angle of rest is______(58)35 and 45 degrees;the critical angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest,is 38 degrees.The rule of thumb is:A slope that is______(59)enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche,regardless of the angle.Additionally,avalanche risk increases with ______(60);that is,the more a slope is disturbed by skiers,the more likely it is that an avalanche will occur.
Due to the complexity of the subject,winter travelling in the backcountry is never 100% safe .Good avalanche safety is a continuous______(61),including route selection and examination of the snowpack,weather______(62),and human factors.Several well-known good habits can also______(63)the risk .If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports,they should be considered and all warnings should be paid______(64)to.
Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations;snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made .Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are ______(65)or damaged .Avoid travelling below others who might trigger an avalanche.
51._________
A: among
B: on
C: at
D: with

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Transport and Trade
1.Transport is one of the aids to trade.By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places where they are scarce,transport adds to their value.The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer,the better for trade.When there were no railways,no good roads,no canals,and only small sailing ships,trade was on a small scale.
2.The great advances made in transport during the last two hundred years were accompanied by a big increase in trade.Bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between Britain and New Zealand,for instance.Quicker transport makes possible mass-production and big business, drawing supplies from,and selling goods to,all parts of the globe.Big factories could not exist with-out transport to carry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes.Big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods delivered to their homes.Big cities could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance.
3.Transport also prevents waste.Much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns.Transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on what is produced locally.Foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year can now, be obtained all through the year. Transport has raised the standard of living.
4.By moving fuel,raw materials,and even power,as,for example,through electric cables, transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before.Districts and countries can concentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another. The cheaper and quicker transport becomes,the longer the distance over which goods can profitably be carried.Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living.
5.Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information. Means of communication,like telephones,cables and radio,send information about prices,supplies,and changing conditions in different parts of the world.In this way,advanced communication systems also help to develop trade.
The development of modern means of transport_______.
A:to send goods to various parts of the world
B:at any time during the year
C:has greatly promoted trade
D:is it possible to produce on a large scale
E:the transport of goods
F: it is possible to produce on a large scale

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Ford
1 Ford's great strength was the manufacturing process一not invention.Long before he
started a car company,he was a worker,known for picking up pieces of metal and wire
and turning them into machines.He started putting cars together in 1891.Although it was
by no means the first popular automobile,the Model T showed the world just how creative
Ford was at combining technology and market.
2 The company's assembly line alone threw America's Industrial Revolution into overdrive
（高速运转）.Instead of having workers put together the entire car , Ford's friends , who
were great toolmakers from Scotland,organized teams that added parts to each Model T as
it moved down a line. By the time Ford's Highland Park plant was humming（嗡嗡作响）
along in 1914,the world's first automatic conveyor belt could turn out a car every 93
minutes.
3 The same year Henry Ford shocked the world with the$5-a-day minimum wage scheme,
the greatest contribution he had ever made. The average wage in the auto industry then
was $2.34 for a 9-hour shift. Ford not only doubled that,he also took an hour off the
workday.In those years it was unthinkable that a man could be paid that much for doing
something that didn't involve an awful lot of training or education.The Wall Street Journal
called the plan"an economic crime",and critics everywhere laughed at Ford.
4 But as the wage increased later to daily$10,it proved a critical component of Ford's
dream to make the automobile accessible（可及的）to all. The critics were too stupid to
understand that because Ford had lowered his costs per car,the higher wages didn't
matter一 except for making it possible for more people to buy cars.
Paragraph 4_______
A:Ford's Followers
B:The Assembly Line
C:Ford's Great Dream
D:The Establishment of the Company
E:Ford's Biggest Contribution
F:Ford's Great Talent

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The contempt he felt for his fellow students was obvious.
A:hate
B: need
C: love
D: pity

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Professor Taylor's talk has indicated that science has a very strong influenceon the everyday life of non-scientists as well as scientists.
A: motivation
B: perspective
C: impression
D: impact

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