Some organizations find themselves faced with new product opportunities, or with projects that have a（ ）starting and ending point.
The change in globally averaged temperature that have occurred at that the Earth’s surface over the past century are similar in size and timing to those（1）by models take into account the combined influences of human factors and solar variability.To（2）the question of attribution requires the（3）of more powerful and complex methods, beyond the use of global averages alone. New studies have focused on（4）maps or patterns of temperature change in（5）and in models. Pattern analysis is the climatologically equivalent of the more comprehensive tests in the medical analogy mentioned（6）, and makes it possible to achieve more definitive（7）of observed climate changed to a particular cause or causes.The expected influence of human activities is thought to be much more complex than uniform warming over the entire surface of the Earth and over the whole（8）cycle. Patterns of change over space and time therefore provide a more powerful（9）technique. The basic idea（10）pattern-based approaches is that different（11）causes of climate change have different characteristic patterns of climate response or fingerprints. Attribution studies seek to （12）a fingerprint match between the patterns of climate change（13）by models and those actually observed.The most recent assessment of the science suggests that human activities have led to a discernible（14）on global climate and that these activities will have and increasing influence on future climate. The burning of coal, oil and natural gas, as well as various agricultural and industrial practices, are（15）the composition of the atmosphere and contributing to climate change. These human activities have led to increased atmospheric（16）of a number of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane and so on in the lower atmosphere.Human activities, such as the burning of fossil, have also increased the（17）of small particles in the atmosphere. These particles can change the（18）of energy that is absorbed and reflected by the atmosphere. They are also believed to modify the（19）of air and clouds, changing the amount of energy that they absorb and reflect. Intensive studies of the climate effects of these particles began only recently and the overall（20）is uncertain. It is likely that the net effect of these small particles is to cool the climate and to partially offset the warming of increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases.
Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the British Crown.
The（ ）of the man who beat the girl to death was not for money but for killing.
Historians have only recently begun to note the increase in demand for luxury goods and services that took place in eighteenth-century England. McKendrick has explored the Wedgwood firms remarkable success in marketing luxury pottery; Plumb has written about the proliferation of provincial theaters, musical festivals, and children’s toys and books. While the fact of this consumer revolution is hardly in doubt, three key questions remain: Who were the consumers? What were their motives? And what were the effects of the new demand for luxuries?An answer to the first of these has been difficult to obtain. Although it has been possible to infer from the goods and services actually produced what manufactures and servicing trades thought their customers wanted, only a study of relevant personal documents written by actual consumers will provide a precise picture of who wanted what. We still need to know how large this consumer market was and how far down the social scale the consumer demand for luxury goods penetrated. With regard to this last question, we might note in passing that Thompson, while rightly restoring laboring people to the stage of eighteenth-century English history, has probably exaggerated the opposition of these people to the inroads of capitalist consumerism in general; for example, laboring people in eighteenth-century England readily shifted from home-brewed beer to standardized beer produced by huge, heavily capitalized urban breweries.To answer the question of why consumers became so eager to buy, some historians have pointed to the ability of manufacturers to advertise in a relatively uncensored press. This, however, hardly seems a sufficient answer. McKendrick favors a Veblen model of conspicuous consumption stimulated by competition for status. The “middling sort” bought goods and services because they wanted to follow fashions set by the rich. Again, we may wonder whether this explanation is sufficient. Do not people enjoy buying things as a form of self-gratification? If so, consumerism could be seen as a product of the rise of new concepts of individualism and materialism, but not necessarily of the frenzy for conspicuous competition.Finally, what were the consequences of this consumer demand for luxuries? McKendrick claims that it goes a long way toward explaining the coming of the Industrial Revolution. But does it? What, for example, does the production of high-quality pottery and toys have to do with the development of iron manufacture or textile mills? It is perfectly possible to have the psychology and reality of a consumer society without a heavy industrial sector.That future exploration of these key questions is undoubtedly necessary should not, however, diminish the force of the conclusion of recent studies: the insatiable demand in eighteenth-century England for frivolous as well as useful goods and services foreshadows our own world.1.In the first paragraph, the author mentions McKendrick and Plumb most probably in order to?2.Which of the following items, if preserved from eighteenth-century England, would provide an example of the kind of documents mentioned in Paragraph 2?3.According to the passage, Thompson attributes to laboring people in eighteenth-century England which of the following attitudes toward capitalist consumerism?4.According to the passage, eighteenth-century England and the contemporary world of the passages readers are（ ）.5.It can be inferred from the passage that the author would most probably agree with which of the following statements about the relationship between the Industrial Revolution and the eighteenth-century England?
I hope you don’t think I’m（ ）but I’ve had the electric fire on for most of the day.