当人们听到一种自己觉得可怕的声音时，往往会感到发冷，甚至起鸡皮疙瘩。这种现象称为（）。
Mr. Johnson has a habit of asking questions （ ）.
Diagnostic test is often used for the purpose of （ ）.
在对学生李刚网络成瘾的干预中，老师要求在手腕上套一根橡皮筋，一旦感觉自己想上网就用力拉橡皮筋弹自己。这位老师所要求的方法称为（）。
Teacher education provided by U.S. colleges and universities has been routinely criticized since its inception in the early nineteenth century, sometimes deservedly. These programs, like non¬university programs, are uneven in quality and can be improved. What makes today’s criticisms different is an aggressive effort by advocacy groups, and self-proclaimed educational entrepreneurs to deregulate the preparation of teachers, and to expand independent, alternative routes into teaching.This effort to “disrupt” the field of teacher preparation in the United States has gained considerable momentum and legitimacy, with venture capitalists, philanthropy, and the U.S. Department of Education all providing sponsorship and substantial funding.The strength of this effort is that the United States may quickly seek to dismantle its university system and replace much of it with independent, private programs. The resulting system of teacher preparation may differ dramatically in its government, structure, content, and processes moving away from its current location alongside legal, medical, and other professional preparation that pairs academic degrees with professional training.Throughout the nation, states are reporting teacher shortages in particular subject areas and geographical locations, and several states have either passed legislation to lower the standards for becoming a teacher or, like the state of Washington, have looked toward expanding the number of teacher education providers to try to fill teaching vacancies. The federal government has contributed to the push to lower standards for becoming a teacher with the Teacher Preparation Academy provision in the new K-12 education law, the Every Student Succeeds Act, which encourages states to expand the number of independent programs not associated with colleges and universities.Because of the increasing tuition rates, a consequence in part, of cuts in funding to public universities that continue to educate most U.S. teachers, enrollments in college and university teacher education programs have declined in many parts of the country. Independent teacher education programs are being viewed by some as an important part of the solution in staffing the nation’s classrooms and addressing our serious and enduring problems in education inequities. Additionally, advocacy groups, philanthropists, and so-called education entrepreneurs are working aggressively to expand these independent alternative routes into teaching. Given the seriousness of the teacher shortage problem in the United States and the substantial media attention that has been given to independent teacher education programs as the solution to teacher shortages and education inequities, policy makers should very carefully examine the evidence that exists about the nature and impact of these relatively new programs that are rapidly expanding while university teacher education enrollments decline.What can be inferred from Paragraph 1 about criticisms against teacher education?Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “momentum” in Paragraph 2?What can be inferred from Paragraph 3?What measures have been taken by some states to deal with their teacher shortages?Which of the following is true of the independent teacher education programs?
根据题目要求完成下列任务,用中文作答。
课后作业布置要体现“差异性原则”。简述你对“差异性原则”的理解（8分）,并从作业类型、作业难度和作业量三个方而举例说明如何布置作业（12分）。