听力原文： As companies increasingly test new drugs in other countries, they are struggling to decide what, if anything, they owe the patients who served as test subjects. Some companies have chosen not to sell their drugs in the countries where they were tested; Others have marketed their drugs there, but few patients in those countries can afford them. The issue is especially difficult when it comes to drugs that do not save lives but can vastly improve the quality of life. Nobody knows for sure how many patients in other countries have had to forgo drugs that improved their lives when clinical trials ended, and companies do not give out patients' names, to protect their privacy. But the issue is very much on the minds of company researchers and executives.
Ethicists say that they, too, are troubled but that their field has reached no consensus on what companies should do. "Do we have an obligation to everyone in the trial or to everyone in the community, the province, the nation, the region of the world？" asked Dr. Ruth Faden, the director of the Phoebe R. Berman Bioethics Institute at Johns Hopkins University. "We haven't really figured this out."
Yet, Dr. Faden said, "many physician investigators feel uncomfortable with the idea of using patients in studies and then not being able to continue to help them when the trial ends."
Companies must make business decisions about where to market their drugs, figuring out whether they can earn enough money to justify applying for approval, setting up business offices and hiring a sales force. If they decide not to market a drug in a given country, they are unlikely to provide it to patients there free of charge. To provide a drug for what medical professionals call compassionate use, companies must set up a distribution system, train doctors to administer the drugs, monitor patients for adverse effects and track the results.
Whether to undertake a compassionate-use program for drugs that improve the quality of life but do not prolong it poses "a delicate question", said Tony Plohoros, a spokesman for Merck, a company that has systems to distribute lifesaving drugs in poor countries where there is a need.
The issue is especially difficult for small companies that as yet have no products on the market. A small company cannot afford to set up a marketing system in countries where few can buy the drug, or a distribution system to give its drugs away.
In the United States, patients who participate in clinical trials often continue to receive the drug being tested until it is approved. After that, they can buy it or, if they cannot afford it, apply to special programs that most companies offer to help people who could not otherwise get drugs they need.
But with the exception of AIDS drugs, which companies provide free or at low cost to patients in poor countries, there is no industry consensus about what to do internationally, especially when drugs are not lifesaving. And even when companies market their drugs in poor countries, they tend not to set up a system to give the drugs away to study subjects after a clinical trial ends.
Ethicists acknowledge that companies are businesses and accountable to investors.
But on the other hand, Dr. Gostin said, there is something troubling about "parachute research", in which a company drops into a country, conducts its research and then leaves.
"It raises the question of what ethical obligation, if any, there might be to give back and make sure there is access to the drug after the trials are over," Dr. Gostin said.
The participants in a study take a risk to help a company determine if its drug is safe and effective, he said, and "it seems to me that there is an ethical obligation to give back."
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Questions 37-38
Complete the following notes on reducing reverse culture shock using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap.
&8226;while abroad, keep in touch with 37.__ back home, and with other people from your own country
&8226;read newspapers and magazines from your home country so that you know about important 38.__
&8226;before you leave, get the addresses of the friends you have made in the UK so you can keep in touch
&8226;when you get home, give yourself time to readjust to life there—and give your friends and family time to readjust to you
&8226;stay in contact with anyone who lives near you and has also studied abroad
Questions 39-40
Answer the following questions using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer
What 3 kinds of contacts should you have made during your time abroad？
READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.
Fun for the Masses
Americans worry that the distribution of income is increasingly unequal.
Examining leisure spending changes that picture.
A
Are you better off than you used to be？ Even after six years of sustained economic growth, Americans worry about that question. Economists who plumb government income statistics agree that Americans'incomes, as measured in inflation-adjusted dollars, have risen more slowly in the past two decades than in earlier times, and that some workers' real incomes have actually fallen. They also agree that by almost any measure, income is distributed less equally than it used to be. Neither of those claims, however, sheds much light on whether living standards are rising or falling. This is because 'living standard' is a highly amorphous concept. Measuring how much people earn is relatively easy, at least compared with measuring how well they live.
B
A recent paper by Dora Costa, an economist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, looks at the living-standards debate from an unusual direction. Rather than worrying about cash incomes, Ms Costa investigates Americans'recreational habits over the past century. She finds that people of all income levels have steadily increased the amount of time and money they devote to having fun. The distribution of dollar incomes may have become more skewed in recent years, but leisure is more evenly spread than ever.
C
Ms Costa bases her research on consumption surveys dating back as far as 1888. The industrial workers surveyed in that year spent, on average, three-quarters of their incomes on food, shelter and clothing. Less than 2% of the average family's income was spent on leisure but that average hid large disparities. The share of a family's budget that was spent on having fun rose sharply with its income: the lowest-income families in this working-class sample spent barely 1% of their budgets on recreation, while higher earners spent more than 3%. Only the latter group could afford such extravagances as theatre and concert performances, which were relatively much more expensive than they are today.
D
Since those days, leisure has steadily become less of a luxury. By 1991, the average household needed to devote only 38% of its income to the basic necessities, and was able to spend 6% on recreation. Moreover, Ms Costa finds that the share of the family budget spent on leisure now rises much less sharply with income than it used to. At the beginning of this century a family's recreational spending tended to rise by 20% for every 10% rise in income. By 1972-73, a 10% income gain led to roughly a 15% rise in recreational spending, and the increase fell to only 13% in 1991. What this implies is that Americans of all income levels are now able to spend much more of their money on having fun.
E
One obvious cause is that real income overall has risen. If Americans in general are richer, their consumption of entertainment goods is less likely to be affected by changes in their income. But Ms Costa reckons that rising incomes are responsible for, at most, half of the
Bob Robin
This part is to test your ability to do practical writing. You are required to write an advertisement according to the following instructions given in Chinese.
说明：为你的上司David Jones总经理写一封致歉信给Smith Hubert先生，日期为2008年3月18日。内容如下：
你非常抱歉，无法赴周一的约会。因要到天津开会，周末才能返回。你一回来就会给他的秘书打电话，另行安排会面时间。给他带来诸多不便，深表歉意。